Table 2 Measurement of biomarkers of oxidative stress in pregnancy
Study | Biomarkers | Methodology | Measurement units |
|---|---|---|---|
Jauniaux et al [59] | Immunohistochemistry | Heat shock protein 70, hydroxynenal, nitrotyrosine residues. | Fluorescence intensity |
Wang et al, Djordjevic et al [60, 61] | Antioxidant enzyme activity assays | Total SOD activity, catalase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, reduced glutathione assay | Change in optical density/minutes/mg protein |
Wiktor et al [62] | Oxidative DNA adducts | 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine | Micromoles/mole of 2-deoxy guanosine |
Holthe et al [63] | Superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite | Dihydrethidium probe Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Dihydrorhodamine 123 Spectrophotometry/flow cytometry | Nanomoles/10 min/106 cells |
Ishihara et al [64] | Lipid peroxidation products | Isoprostane, Urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F2lpha, assayed by gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometer analysis | pg/mg of creatinine |
Vaisanen-Tommiska et al [65] | Nitric oxide; Greiss reaction | Stable end products: nitrite/nitrate | Fluorometric assay, results expressed as NOx (sum of converted nitrite and very small amount of nitrite in serum). |
Buhimishi et al [66] | Plasma and red blood cell glutathione content | Colorimetric assay | Nanomoles/mgm of haemoglobin |